The InQubator for Quantum Simulation (IQuS) will accelerate progress toward quantum computing providing predictive capabilities for the dynamics and properties of matter in extreme conditions beyond what is possible with classical computing and formal techniques alone.  These are important for describing supernovae; high-energy collisions of nuclei; in the generation of the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the early universe; and the properties of systems at extreme densities. IQuS guides the basic research and co-design efforts to evolve simulations from present-day NISQ-era quantum computers to fault-tolerant/error-corrected quantum computing and simulation, and to achieve quantum advantages in fundamental physics. Research efforts in fundamental physics, techniques and simulation protocols will be evolved accordingly, requiring continued engagement among scientists, engineers and developers at universities, technology companies and national laboratories.  Embedded in a university, IQuS’s vibrant visitor and workshop programs will facilitate these advances synergistically while growing a component of the future quantum-ready workforce.